沼气发电机组：跨周期智能优化，发电量提升 14.66%，破解北方低温产沼瓶颈

　　Biogas generator set: cross cycle intelligent optimization, power generation increased by 14.66%, breaking the bottleneck of low-temperature biogas production in the north

　　让沼气发电更"智能"：跨发酵周期优化技术增产沼气，实现乡村生物质能低碳高效发电

　　Making biogas power generation more "intelligent": cross fermentation cycle optimization technology to increase biogas production and achieve low-carbon and efficient rural biomass energy generation

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　　研究背景本项目基于团队承担的江苏省碳达峰碳中和科技创新专项资金(重大科技示范)项目开展相关研究，经项目现场实地考察发现，在我国北方地区，冬季低温常常导致沼气工程"休眠"，夏季高温又造成能源浪费。传统方法难以应对全年温差挑战，现有增温模式能耗高且缺乏精准量化。如何实现增温能耗与发电产出最优平衡，让沼气发电系统"知冷知热"，成为提升生物质能利用效率的关键难题。

　　Research Background: This project is based on the Jiangsu Province Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Science and Technology Innovation Special Fund (Major Science and Technology Demonstration) project undertaken by the team to conduct relevant research. Through on-site inspections of the project, it was found that in northern China, low temperatures in winter often lead to the "dormancy" of biogas projects, while high temperatures in summer cause energy waste. Traditional methods are difficult to cope with the challenge of annual temperature differences, and existing warming modes have high energy consumption and lack precise quantification. How to achieve the optimal balance between heating energy consumption and power generation output, and make the biogas power generation system "know the cold and know the heat", has become a key challenge to improve the efficiency of biomass energy utilization.

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　　论文解决问题及意义本研究针对乡村综合能源系统面临的低温环境下沼气产量严重受限，解决以下难题：1）增温措施能耗与增产效益的动态关系难以量化。2）长期运行中环境温度波动对沼气发酵存在显著影响。为此，本研究本文提出变温影响下乡村生物质能发电系统跨周期滚动优化运行方法。首先，精确建模生物质物料预处理、厌氧消化产沼、沼气净化与贮存、沼气发电及余热回收、增温助产等环节，提出精准量化助产能耗与发电增量的乡村生物质能产沼及发电优化模型；其次，考虑环境不确定性因素对厌氧消化产沼效率的影响，针对跨多个水力停留周期下的助增方式及运行变量难以决策的问题，提出一种跨周期的滚动优化运行方法，以最近一个水力停留周期为控制域，滚动时窗后移更新环境温度、太阳辐射等变量数据，以年运行总发电量最大为目标，生成跨周期乡村生物质能发电系统滚动优化运行方案。

　　This study aims to address the severe limitation of biogas production in low-temperature environments faced by rural integrated energy systems, and to solve the following challenges: 1) The dynamic relationship between energy consumption and yield benefits of warming measures is difficult to quantify. 2) The fluctuation of environmental temperature during long-term operation has a significant impact on biogas fermentation. Therefore, this study proposes a cross cycle rolling optimization operation method for rural biomass power generation systems under the influence of temperature changes. Firstly, accurately model the processes of biomass material pretreatment, anaerobic digestion biogas production, biogas purification and storage, biogas power generation and waste heat recovery, and warming assisted delivery, and propose a rural biomass biogas production and power generation optimization model that accurately quantifies the energy consumption and power generation increment of assisted delivery; Secondly, considering the impact of environmental uncertainty factors on anaerobic digestion and biogas production efficiency, a cross cycle rolling optimization operation method is proposed to address the problem of difficulty in decision-making on boosting methods and operating variables across multiple hydraulic retention cycles. The method uses the most recent hydraulic retention cycle as the control domain, updates variables such as environmental temperature and solar radiation with a rolling time window, and generates a rolling optimization operation plan for the cross cycle rural biomass energy generation system with the goal of maximizing the total annual power generation.

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　　论文重点内容1）综合考虑消化罐所受太阳辐射、余热回收、罐体结构间热传导等多重热传递，进行沼气制备过程与发电环节耦合的精准建模，采用沼气发电余热回收设备与蓄热式电锅炉协同控制，形成灵活控温的沼气产出与发电综合生产模式，实现增发电量与消耗能量的差值最大，有效提高输出发电量。图1  产沼率与温度关系分段线性化2）针对乡村生物质发电系统跨多个水力停留周期长时间运行所面临的环境变化与不确定性因素，以厌氧消化水力停留周期为滚动步长，利用预测域内数据的更新对剩余时刻进行优化调度，实现变温影响下的乡村生物质能发电系统跨周期滚动优化运行。

　　Key content of the paper: 1) Taking into account multiple heat transfers such as solar radiation, waste heat recovery, and thermal conduction between tank structures, a precise modeling of the coupling between biogas preparation process and power generation is carried out. The biogas power generation waste heat recovery equipment is used in conjunction with a thermal storage electric boiler to form a flexible temperature control integrated production mode for biogas output and power generation, achieving the maximum difference between increased electricity generation and energy consumption, effectively improving the output power generation. Figure 1 shows the segmented linearization of the relationship between biogas production rate and temperature. 2) In response to the environmental changes and uncertainties faced by rural biomass power generation systems operating for long periods of time across multiple hydraulic retention cycles, the anaerobic digestion hydraulic retention cycle is used as the rolling step, and the remaining time is optimized and scheduled using data updates in the prediction domain to achieve cross cycle rolling optimization operation of rural biomass power generation systems under the influence of temperature changes.

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　　结论本文剖析乡村生物质能发电系统工艺流程，建立乡村生物质能产沼及发电优化综合模型，探究不同运行方案对沼气发电总量的影响，充分考虑环境变化及不确定性因素，探索高效节能的运行方式，以最大总输出电量为目标，提出乡村生物质能发电系统运行滚动优化方法。该方法应用于我国北方地区及其他寒冷地区的大型奶牛养殖农场能产生明显效果，对于以其他生物质为物料的沼气工程亦有一定参考作用。本文的核心贡献如下：1）建立乡村生物质能产沼及发电综合优化模型，精准量化乡村生物质的物料转换及沼气发电中的能量转换与物质流动。2）能够根据不断更新的环境变化情况对设备出力进行滚动优化，使系统能更好地适应乡村复杂场景下环境温度、太阳辐射变化与不确定性。3）通过合理决策设备出力，使总电量产出与能耗的差值最大，生成全水力停留周期下乡村生物质能发电系统运行方案，应用于年产沼量两百万立方米以上的大型奶牛牧场生物质发电系统能使全周期发电总量相较原始方法增大607.25MWh，提高14.66%以上。

　　Conclusion: This article analyzes the process flow of rural biomass energy power generation system, establishes a comprehensive model for rural biomass energy biogas production and power generation optimization, explores the impact of different operation schemes on the total amount of biogas power generation, fully considers environmental changes and uncertainty factors, explores efficient and energy-saving operation modes, and proposes a rolling optimization method for rural biomass energy power generation system operation with the goal of maximum total output electricity. This method can produce significant results when applied to large-scale dairy farms in northern and other cold regions of China, and also has certain reference value for biogas engineering using other biomass materials. The core contributions of this article are as follows: 1) Establishing a comprehensive optimization model for rural biomass energy production and power generation, accurately quantifying the material conversion of rural biomass and the energy conversion and material flow in biogas power generation. 2) Being able to roll optimize equipment output based on constantly updated environmental changes, enabling the system to better adapt to changes and uncertainties in environmental temperature and solar radiation in complex rural scenarios. 3) By making reasonable decisions on equipment output, the difference between total electricity output and energy consumption can be maximized, and a rural biomass power generation system operation plan under full hydraulic retention period can be generated. This plan can be applied to a large-scale dairy farm biomass power generation system with an annual biogas production of more than two million cubic meters, which can increase the total power generation of the entire period by 607.25 MWh compared to the original method, an increase of more than 14.66%.

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